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The United States Marine Corps's Advanced Base Force was a coastal and naval base defense force that was designed to set up mobile and fixed bases in the event of major landing operations within, and beyond, the territorial United States.〔Commander Richard H. Jackson, USN, ''History of the Advanced Base'' (May 15, 1913) and ''The Naval Advanced Base'' (May 29, 1915); Subject File 408, Records of the General Board. * General Board to SecNav, "Letter to the Secretary of the Navy (LSSN)"; August 13, 1906. * General Board memo; May 29, 1915.〕 Established in the beginning of the 20th century, the Advanced Base Force was the United States's first combined task force that was built on the concept of the Marine Corps's traditional role in expeditionary warfare. The slow development of the advanced base force played a significant role in the controversy over the removal of the ships guards in 1908–1909.〔Allan R. Millett, ''Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps'', (New York City, NY: The Free Press, 1991).〕 Relying on the full projection capabilities of their naval counterpart, the Advanced Base Force enabled the United States Navy to meet all the demands for its use of naval services within its own sphere of maritime operations. It also allowed independence, without the cooperation of the United States Army for troops and military supplies, for such force may not be available.〔 The Advanced Base Force had been concluded by the General Board that one or two regiments were highly adequate in defending naval bases against cruiser raids and were able to land with thirty emplaced naval guns, high-angled field artillery, machine guns, infantry, and water and land minefields.〔 ==Background== Before the creation of the Advanced Base Force, the victory over Spain in the Spanish–American War had greatly influenced the expansion of the United States. By the time the Treaty of Paris was ratified in 1898 the United States had annexed the Philippines in the western Pacific to influence foreign relations in China and Korea; primarily through the presence of the Asiatic Squadron.〔 The sdministration of President William McKinley included Guam〔Paul Carano and Pedro C. Sanchez, ''A Complete History of Guam'', (Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle Co., 1964).〕 and the Hawaiian Islands to the south Pacific insular areas of Samoa. Also, Congress approved the Foraker Act in the annexation of Puerto Rico for the defense and protection of the newly independent Cuba from any possible foreign attack. The government also negotiated with Nicaragua and Columbia for the right to build an isthmian canal through Panama. Due to the new, vast expansion of territory, the Navy began to assume strategic duties unimagined before 1898.〔 In 1900, the "General Board of the Navy" was established to foresee and make recommendations on naval policy, assuming the tasks of the nation's naval expeditionary and strategic challenges.〔William M. McBride, ''Technological Change and the United States Navy, 1865–1945'', (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).〕 The General Board developed some potential war plans for possible events that may be measured if such attacks were to be aimed for the continental east coast, Antilles of the Caribbean, or the Panama Canal. The most dangerous, likely foe that the United States Navy faced was the British Royal Navy, and had been implemented into War Plan Red,〔Floyd W. Rudmin, ''Bordering on Aggression: Evidence of U.S. Military Preparations Against Canada'', (Nashville, TN: Voyageur Publishing Co., May 1993).〕 however, relations had improved and both already committed to a growing rapprochement. It instead agreed that the most likely foe would be the Germany's Imperial Navy, a burgeoning force of warships that were at the disposal of Emperor Wilhelm II. In response to possible German naval invasion of the Caribbean or attacks on the east coast, the United States devised War Plan Black.〔Michael Lind, ''The American Way of Strategy: US Foreign Policy and the American Way of Life'', (Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006)〕 To also include Germany having purchased Spain's remaining central Pacific island colonies, and the Mariana Islands and the Caroline Islands, and its establishment of a naval base in China in 1900. And after the Russo-Japanese War, victorious Imperial Japan had serious plans of expanding its influence south and west in the Pacific. The United States Navy solely relied on the islands for refueling stations for the coal-powered navy ships; the lifeline to the naval bases in the Philippines and Guam. If such an attack was initiated by the Japanese, a system of Pacific naval bases were needed to be built, in order to put War Plan Orange into effect.〔Seward W. Livermore, "American Naval Base Policy in the Far East", ''Pacific Historical Review''; 13, pgs. 113–135.〕 The sum of it all, the Navy's war planning after 1900 assumed that maritime attacks on the United States and its interests were possible in both the Pacific and the Caribbean, and given the thousands of miles the fleet would have to steam to provide security to the outermost bases of Guam, the Philippines, or of the similar. The General Board was convinced that it would require hastily developed advanced bases, and it could not depend on the small and overextended United States Army to defend the bases in short order.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Advanced Base Force」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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